Gangzhi (《岡志》) records the debates and internal struggles that happened during the Islamic religion and life etiquette reform in the Gangshang district during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Represented by the event of the struggle of Lianduban 連獨班之爭, the scribes from the Chinese Muslim Theology education system and the three leaders of the mosque 三掌教 repeatedly competed with each other, and it was not until the Guangxu years that they changed the Gangshang mosque into Duban 獨班. That protracted struggle reflects the Islamic etiquette reform movement in China since the seventeenth century. Through the development of traditional Chinese mosque education and the reorganization of the mosque administration system, the reform has reshaped the face of local Islam and unified the thinking and etiquette of cross-regional people to a certain extent. By delineating the boundaries between "religious" 在教. and "anti-religious" 反教, self and others, it also promoted "Hui" to become an ethnic group.
